What is ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment disorder characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. ADHD symptoms can manifest differently across individuals and can vary widely in their intensity. The disorder is typically diagnosed in childhood but can continue into adulthood and throughout a person's life.

The main characteristics of ADHD are divided into two categories of symptoms:

Inattention: This includes difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities, not following through on instructions and failing to finish schoolwork or duties in the workplace, difficulties with organisation, avoiding or being reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort, losing things necessary for tasks or activities, and being easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: This manifests as fidgeting or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat; leaving seat in situations when remaining seated is expected; running about or climbing in situations where it is inappropriate; being unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly; being "on the go" or acting as if "driven by a motor"; talking excessively; blurting out answers before questions have been completed; having difficulty waiting their turn; and interrupting or intruding on others.

ADHD is recognised to have various subtypes, each defined by the predominant symptom pattern:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: The individual mainly has symptoms of inattention.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: The individual mainly shows hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms.
Combined Presentation: The individual has symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

The exact cause of ADHD is not known, but research suggests that genetics, brain structure and function, and environmental factors play roles in its development. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of these. A tailored approach that meets the individual's specific needs is often the most effective. Management and support can significantly improve the functioning and quality of life of individuals with ADHD.